Romans 9:29 is quoted from Isaiah 1:9. Israel was under Assyrian invasion. If God had not spared a remnant among them, all would have been wiped out.
9:30 – 10:21 – The Gentiles responded to the message which assured them of their acceptance by God on the ground of faith, and it was reckoned to them as righteousness. The Jews (for the most part) continued to pursue the path of legal righteousness, seeking acceptance with God on the basis of their law-keeping, and yet never attained their goal.
32 – Isaiah 8:13-15; 1 Peter 2:8
33 – Isaiah 28:16
10:1 – Paul understood their state of mind more than most. An unenlightened zeal for God was exactly what he himself had before he met the risen Christ.
The ways – the way of law and the way of faith – are illustrated by quotations from the Pentateuch.
3 – Philippians 3:9
4 – The word “end” (telos) has a double sense; it may mean goal or termination. Christ was the goal at which the Law aimed, Matthew 5:17. And the Law’s requirements are fulfilled in Christ.
5 – Leviticus 18:5
6-8 – Deuteronomy 30:11-14
10 – Believing and confessing is the order of both logic and experience. The two clauses say essentially the same thing, believing and confession are inseparable as is justification and salvation.
11 – Isaiah 28:16; 9:33
13 – Joel 2:32
10:14-21 – The world-wide proclamation
18 – Psalm 19:4
19 – Deuteronomy 32:21
20 – Isaiah 65:1 and 2
11:1-29 – God’s purpose for Israel
11:30-36 – God’s purpose for the world
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